Danilo Erricolo, Ph.D.

 

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (MC 154)

University of Illinois at Chicago

851 South Morgan Street

Chicago, IL 60607-7053

Telephone:  (312) 996-5771

Fax:            (312) 996-6465

 

   Email:  erricolo@ece.uic.edu

 

 

PROFESSIONAL POSITIONS

 

University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Engineering

Associate Professor

August 2004 to present

Associate Director of the Andrew Electromagnetics Laboratory

August 2002 to present

 

University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Engineering
Research Scientist/Internet Coordinator and Webmaster/ Lecturer

January 2000 to August 2004

 

Post-Doctoral Research Fellow

University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Engineering

January 1999 to December 1999

 

Research Assistant

University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

August 1995 to December 1998

 

Teaching Assistant

University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

September to December 1996 and January to July 1998

 

Research Assistant

Politecnico di Milano, Department of Electronics Engineering

September 1993 to December 1993

EDUCATION

 

Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, December 1998

Dissertation:  Wireless Communications in an Urban Environment.

 

Laurea Degree of Doctor in Electronics Engineering, summa cum laude

Polytechnic of Milan (Politecnico di Milano), Milan, Italy, July 1993

Dissertation:  Theory of Contribution to Series Noise Due to a Capture Center in a Junction Field Effect Transistor.

 

HONORS

 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

·         General Chairman, 2012 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium

·         Steering Committee Member, 2007 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium

·         Technical Program Committee Member, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposia 2004-2007

·         Senior Member IEEE, 2003-present

 

United States National Committee (USNC) of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI)

·         Vice-General Chairman 2008 URSI General Assembly

·         Appointed URSI Member of Joint Symposia Committee, 1/2006-present

·         Elected Vice-Chair of USNC-URSI Commission E, 1/2006-present

·         Elected Secretary of USNC-URSI Commission E, 1/2004-12/2005

·         Elected Full Member of USNC-URSI Commission E, 1/2004-present

·         Elected Member of Technical Activities Committee USNC-URSI Commission B, 6/2003-present

·         Elected Full Member of USNC-URSI Commission B, 6/2002-present

 

Editorships

·         Guest Editor, Special Issue Electromagnetics Journal, Dec. 2005 and Jan. 2006

·         Senior Associate Editor for the Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, a publication of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Oct. 2001-present

 

 PUBLICATIONS

 

Special Issue Edited

1.       D. Erricolo, Guest Editor, Special Issue on “RF effects on digital systems”, Electromagnetics Journal, Vol. 25(7-8), 2005 and Vol. 26(1), 2006.

 

Articles in Edited Books

1.       D. Erricolo, “Geometrical Optics”, in Encyclopedia of RF and Microwave Engineering, Kai Chang Ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1777-1796, John Wiley & Sons, New York, Feb. 2005.

2.       D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, Y. Xu, Q. Tan, “Wireless propagation in urban environments: modeling and experimental verification”, in Wave Propagation, Scattering and Emission in Complex Media, Ya-Qiu Jin Ed., pp. 353-366, Science Press and World Scientific Publishing Co, Beijing and Singapore, 2004.

 

Journal Papers

1.       D. Erricolo, “Algorithm 861: Fortran 90 Subroutines for Computing the Expansion Coefficients of Mathieu Functions using Blanch's Algorithm”, Association for Computing Machinery Transactions on Mathematical Software, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 622-634, Dec. 2006.

2.       D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, B. Elnour, F. Mioc Scattering by a blade on a metallic plane, Electromagnetics Journal - Special Issue on RF Effects on Digital Systems, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 57-72, Jan. 2006.

3.       D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, ”Exact radiation for dipoles on metallic spheroids at the interface between isorefractive half-spaces”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 53, No. 12, pp. 3974-3981, Dec. 2005.

4.       Y. Xu, Q. Tan, D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral for 2-D and 3-D path loss in outdoor urban environments”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 53, No. 11, pp. 3757-3766, Nov. 2005.

5.       D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Penetration, radiation and scattering for a cavity-backed gap in a corner”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 5, No. 8, pp. 2738-2748, Aug 2005.

6.       D. Erricolo, M. D. Lockard, C. M. Butler, P. L. E. Uslenghi, “Currents on conducting surfaces of a semielliptical-channel-backed slotted screen in an isorefractive environment”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 53, No. 7, pp. 2350-2356, Jul. 2005.

7.       D. Erricolo, M. D. Lockard, C. M. Butler, P. L. E. Uslenghi, “Numerical analysis of penetration, radiation, and scattering for a 2D slotted semielliptical channel filled with isorefractive material”, Progress in Electromagnetic Research (PIER), Vol. 53, pp. 69-89, 2005.

8.       D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Exact radiation and scattering for an elliptic metal cylinder at the interface between isorefractive half-spaces”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 52, No. 9, pp. 2214-2225, Sept. 2004.

9.       C. Berardi, D. Erricolo, P. L. E. Uslenghi, “Exact dipole radiation for an oblate spheroidal cavity filled with isorefractive material and aperture-coupled to a half space”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 52, No. 9, pp. 2205-2213, Sept. 2004,.

10.   D. Erricolo, “Acceleration of the convergence of series containing Mathieu functions using Shanks transformation”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp.58-61, 2003.

11.   D. Erricolo, G. D'Elia, P. L. E. Uslenghi, “Measurements on scaled models of urban environments and comparisons with ray-tracing propagation simulation”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 727-735, May 2002.

12.   D. Erricolo, U. G. Crovella, P. L. E. Uslenghi, “Time-domain analysis of measurements on scaled urban models with comparisons to ray-tracing propagation simulation”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 736-741, May 2002.

13.   D. Erricolo, P. L. E. Uslenghi, “Propagation Path Loss – A comparison between ray-tracing approach and empirical models “, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 766-768, May 2002.

14.   D. Erricolo, “Experimental validation of second order diffraction coefficients for computation of path-loss past buildings”, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 272-273, Feb. 2002.

15.   D. Erricolo, R. A. Matthes, P. L. E. Uslenghi, C. Williams, “A professional masters degree on the Internet”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 113-114, Dec. 2001.

16.   D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Two dimensional simulator for propagation in urban environments”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 50, No.4, pp. 1158-1168, Jul. 2001.

17.   D. Erricolo, “C++ a better language for engineering applications”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 95-101, Aug. 2000.

18.   D. Erricolo, R. A. Matthes, “Web-based instruction in engineering”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 41. No. 6, pp. 113-117, Dec. 1999.

19.   R. Sacco, D. Erricolo, E. Gatti, “A perturbation approach for low frequency noise in JFET’s”, Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 74, pp. 161-190, 1996.

 

Conferences

 

1.       B. Elnour, D. Erricolo, M. Hurtado, A. Nehorai, “Experiments for the direction of arrival using a vector antenna,” Fourth Tri-Service Waveform Diversity Workshop, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington D.C., Nov. 2006.

2.       B. Elnour, D. Erricolo, “Experiments to measure the direction of arrival using a vector antenna”, 2006 IEEE AP-S International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting and AMEREM, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, Jul. 9 - 15, 2006.

3.       S. M. Canta, H.T. Hayvaci, D. Erricolo, M. Albani, “An experimental validation for the Incremental Theory of Diffraction”, 2006 IEEE AP-S International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting and AMEREM, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, Jul. 9 - 15, 2006.

4.       C. M. Butler, D. Erricolo, C. L. Bopp, III, A. W. Schreiber, “Penetration Through a Slotted Screen into a Semi-Elliptic Channel: Simple Integral Equation with an Eigenseries Kernel," 2006 IEEE AP-S International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting and AMEREM, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, Jul. 9 - 15, 2006.

5.       C. M. Butler, D. Erricolo, C. L. Bopp, III, A. W. Schreiber, “Penetration Through a Slotted Screen into a Dielectric Cylinder Housed in a Semi-Elliptic Channel," 2006 IEEE AP-S International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting and AMEREM, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, Jul. 9 - 15, 2006.

6.       A.W. Schreiber, C.M. Butler, D. Erricolo, “Current on a conducting cylinder in an elliptic channel excited through a slot in a conducting screen by an incident field TE to the slot axis”, Digest of National Radio Science Meeting, p. 95, Boulder, Colorado, Jan. 2006.

7.       C. Lertsirimit, D.R. Jackson, D.R. Wilton, D. Erricolo, “Coupling to a Device on a Printed Circuit Board Inside of a Cavity”, XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Radio Science, New Delhi, India, Oct. 23-29, 2005.

8.       D. Erricolo, P. L. E. Uslenghi, M. Valentino, “Exact Analysis of a Spheroidal Cavity with a Circular Aperture in a Ground Plane Covered by an Isorefractive Lens”, International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, pp. 903-906, Turin, Italy, Sept. 12-16, 2005.

9.       D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, B. Elnour “Line source scattering by a ridge on a metal plane”, The Second IASTED International Conference on Antennas, Radar, and Wave Propagation, ARP 2005, Banff, Alberta, Canada, Jul. 19–21, 2005.

10.   M. Valentino, D. Erricolo, F. Capolino, M. Albani, “Modeling of UWB diffraction using TD ray theory and comparison with FDTD, 2005 IEEE AP-S International Symposium and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting,” Washington, D.C., Jul. 3-8 2005.

11.   C. M. Butler, C. L. Bopp, III, D. Erricolo, M. D. Lockard, “An Integral Equation with a Kernel Expanded in Eigenfunctions for the Current on a Cylinder in an Elliptic Channel Excited through a Slot”, 2005 IEEE AP-S International Symposium and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Washington, D.C., Jul. 3-8 2005.

12.   C. Lertsirimit, D.R. Jackson, D.R. Wilton, D. Erricolo, Transient Coupling to a Device on a Printed Circuit Board Inside a Cavity, 2005 IEEE AP-S International Symposium and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Washington, D.C., Jul. 3-8 2005.

13.   D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Exact Analysis of a 2D Cavity-backed Slot in a Ground Plane Covered by an Isorefractive Lens”, 2005 IEEE AP-S International Symposium and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Washington, D.C., Jul. 3-8 2005.

14.   C. Lertsirimit, D.R. Jackson, D.R. Wilton, D. Erricolo “Time-domain coupling to a device on a printed circuit board inside a cavity”, Digest of National Radio Science Meeting, p. 86, Boulder, Colorado, Jan. 2005.

15.   S. Rahman, B. Elnour, D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Measurements and theoretical results for the scattering by a ridge on a metal plane”, Digest of National Radio Science Meeting, p. 86, Boulder, Colorado, Jan. 2005.

16.   D. Negri, D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Penetration Into Nested Cavities Through Apertures”, Euro EM 2004, Magdeburg, Germany, Jul. 12-16, 2004.

17.   Y. Xu, Q. Tan, D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Experimental verification of a 3-D propagation model based on Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society/USNC-URSI Intl. Symposium, Monterey, CA, Jun. 2004.

18.   D. Negri, D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Penetration Into Nested Cavities Through Apertures”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society/USNC-URSI Intl. Symposium, Monterey, CA, Jun. 2004.

19.   C. Lertsirimit, D. R. Jackson, D. R. Wilton, D. Erricolo, D. H. Y. Yang, “Simulation and validation of EMI coupling to a circuit board from a wire penetrating a cavity enclosure”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society/USNC-URSI Intl. Symposium, Monterey, CA, Jun. 2004.

20.   D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Radiation from an antenna in a partially covered cavity near a 2D or 3D Corner”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society/USNC-URSI Intl. Symposium, Monterey, CA, Jun. 2004.

21.   D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, (invited) “Radiation from a line source inside a trench in a corner”, URSI International Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory, pp. 813-815, Pisa, Italy, May 23-27, 2004.

22.   Q. Tan, D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Eigenfunction solutions of radiation and scattering from a prolate spheroid with anisotropic surface impedance”, URSI International Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory, pp. 126-128, Pisa, Italy, May 23-27, 2004.

23.   D. Erricolo, P.L.E Uslenghi, “Exact scattering from a cylindrically-capped metallic wedge edge-capped with anisotropic material: line source incidence”, URSI International Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory, pp. 120-122, Pisa, Italy, May 23-27, 2004.

24.   P.L.E. Uslenghi, D. Erricolo, Y. Xu, Q. Tan, “Wireless propagation models in urban environments: modeling and experimental verification”, Workshop on wireless and telecommunication technologies, (Coordinated by Electronics Research Institute, Egypt and The University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA. Sponsored by the Joint Science and Technology Fund, The US-Egypt partnership for economic growth and development), Cairo, Egypt, Jan. 14-15, 2004.

25.   D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Electromagnetic behavior of a partially covered trench in a corner”, Digest of National Radio Science Meeting, p. 64, Boulder, Colorado, Jan. 2004.

26.   T. Larsen,   D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Low-frequency behavior of a slotted semielliptical channel”, Digest of National Radio Science Meeting, p. 66, Boulder, Colorado, Jan. 2004.

27.   D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Radiation and scattering for elliptic metal cylinder between isorefractive half-spaces”, Digest of National Radio Science Meeting, p. 65, Boulder, Colorado, Jan. 2004.

28.   Y. Xu, Q. Tan, D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “3D propagation in urban environments using Fresnel-Kirchhoff integrals”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Topical Conference on Wireless Communication Technology, Honolulu, Hawaii, Oct. 2003.

29.   D. Erricolo, R.A. Matthes, P.L.E. Uslenghi, C.C. Williams, “An update on the Master of Engineering program at UIC”, International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, pp. 809-812, Turin, Italy, Sept. 2003.

30.   D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Exact scattering from a cylindrically-capped metallic wedge edge-coated with anisotropic material”, International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, pp. 733-736, Turin, Italy, Sept. 2003.

31.   D. Erricolo, M.D. Lockard, C.M. Butler, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Comparison among currents on surfaces inside and near a semielliptical channel filled with isorefractive material that backs a slotted plane: currents computed by analytical formulas and by integral equation methods”, International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, pp. 469-474, Turin, Italy, Sept. 2003.

32.   D. Erricolo, M.D. Lockard, C.M. Butler, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Analytical formulas and integral equation methods: a study of penetration, radiation, and scattering for a slotted semielliptical channel filled with isorefractive material”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Intl. Symposium, Columbus, Ohio, Jun. 2003.

33.   D. Negri, D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Aperture excitation of a transmission line in a cavity”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Intl. Symposium, Columbus, Ohio, Jun. 2003.

34.   C. Berardi, D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Exact analysis of a 3D cavity-backed aperture with an isorefractive lens”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Intl. Symposium, Columbus, Ohio, Jun. 2003.

35.   D. Erricolo, “Measurements in anechoic chambers to validate wireless propagation models”, International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility EMC Europe 2002, Vol. 2, pp. 653-658, Sorrento, Italy, Sept. 9-13, 2002.

36.   D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Exact radiation from an antenna on a metal post at the interface between isorefractive half-spaces”, Digest of National Radio Science Meeting, p. 164, San Antonio, Texas, Jun. 2002.

37.   D. Erricolo, F. Capolino, R. Tiberio, O. Hovorka, “Time domain incremental theory of diffraction: range of validity and comparison between predictions and measurements”, Digest of National Radio Science Meeting, p. 68, San Antonio, Texas, Jun. 2002.

38.   D. Erricolo, F. Capolino, M. Albani, “Efficient computation of multiple diffracted short-pulses using ray fields”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Intl. Symposium, Vol. 3, pp. 342-345, San Antonio, Texas, Jun. 2002.

39.   Y. Xu, D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “A novel approach to 3D propagation in urban environments”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Intl. Symposium, Vol. 3, pp. 338-341, San Antonio, Texas,  Jun. 2002.

40.   Q. Tan, D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Antennas of revolution with anisotropic surface impedance”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Intl. Symposium, Vol. 4, pp. 158-161, San Antonio, Texas,  Jun. 2002.

41.   D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Exact radiation from a line source in the presence of a ditch in a corner”, AMEREM 2002, Annapolis, Maryland, Jun. 2002.

42.   D. Erricolo, K.A. Greenenwald, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Radiation, Penetration and Scattering from a slotted semielliptical channel filled with isorefractive material – II Numerical results based on eigenfunction expansions”, Digest of National Radio Science Meeting, p. 44, Boulder, Colorado, Jan. 2002.

43.   D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Exact scattering from metallic wedges edge-coated with anisotropic materials”, Digest of National Radio Science Meeting, p. 58, Boulder, Colorado, Jan. 2002.

44.   U. G. Crovella, G. D’Elia, D. Erricolo, “Measurements in Anechoic Chamber to validate EM propagation models. A tutorial overview”, Digest of National Radio Science Meeting, p. 101, Boulder, Colorado, Jan. 2002.

45.   G. D'Elia, D. Erricolo, P. L. E. Uslenghi, “Path loss measurements on scaled models and comparison with propagation predictions in urban environments”, International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, pp. 827-830, Turin, Italy, Sept. 2001.

46.   U. G. Crovella, D. Erricolo, P. L. E. Uslenghi, “Analysis of measurements on urban models in anechoic chamber and comparisons with propagation predictions”, International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, pp. 823-826, Turin, Italy, Sept. 2001.

47.   D. Erricolo, R. A. Matthes, P. L. E. Uslenghi, C. C. Williams, “A professional Master degree on the internet”, International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, pp. 645-648, Turin, Italy, Sept. 2001.

48.   D. Erricolo, U. G. Crovella, P. L. E. Uslenghi, ”Time-domain measurements for path-loss prediction on a scaled model of an urban environment”, Digest of National Radio Science Meeting, p. 188, Boston, Massachusetts, Jul. 2001.

49.   D. Erricolo, P. L. E. Uslenghi, Y. Xu, “Asymptotic and numerical scattering from multiple polygonal cylinders with different face impedances”, 2001 URSI International Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory, Victoria, Canada, May 13-17, 2001.

50.   U.Crovella, G. D’Elia, D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi “Comparison between measurements on a scaled model and a ray-tracing method for propagation in urban environments”, Digest of the National Radio Science Meeting, p. 1, Boulder, Colorado, Jan. 2001.

51.   D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Comparison of different methods for deterministic propagation in urban environments”, Asia Pacific Microwave Conference 2000, pp. 954-957, Sydney, Australia, Dec. 2000.

52.   D. Erricolo, V. K. Garg, P. L. E. Uslenghi, “Propagation path loss - A comparison between ray-tracing approach and empirical models”, Digest of National Radio Science Meeting, p. 51, Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000.

53.   D. Erricolo, R. Matthes, S. Naylor, P.L.E. Uslenghi, C. Williams, “A Master of Engineering degree program on the Internet”, Digest of National Radio Science Meeting, p. 5, Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000.

54.   D. Erricolo, F. Mioc, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Exact scattering by a ridge on a metal plane with isorefractive quadrants”, Digest of National Radio Science Meeting, p. 141, Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000.

55.   D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Graph-theoretical approach to multiple scattering by polygonal cylinders”, International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, pp. 155-159, Turin, Italy, Sept. 1999.

56.   D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Multiple scattering by impedance polygonal cylinders of arbitrary shape”, Digest of National Radio Science Meeting, p. 95, Orlando, Florida, Jul. 1999.

57.   D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Two dimensional ray tracing simulator for radio wave propagation in urban areas with arbitrary building shape and terrain profile”, Digest of National Radio Science Meeting, p. 48, Atlanta, Georgia, Jun. 1998.

58.   D. Erricolo, P.L.E. Uslenghi, “Knife-edge versus double wedge modeling of buildings for ray tracing propagation methods in urban areas”, Digest of National Radio Science Meeting, p. 234, Boulder, Colorado, Jan. 1998.

59.   P.L.E. Uslenghi, D. Erricolo, “Penetrable wedge structures”, International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, pp. 185-187, Turin, Italy, Sept. 1997.